Habitat pressure from an ever-increasing human population is a common problem for many endangered species. In China, where the population is thought to have exceeded 1.32 billion last year and continues to grow at a reasonably slow rate of 0.6% per year (as of 2003), nearly 8 million people are added annually. Housing and feeding these people, and supporting the amazingly fast economic development of China, requires resources. The clearing of land for agricultural purposes represents a significant threat to the panda today.

Fortunately, the Chinese government began taking action to protect the panda in the latter half of the 1900s. A system of panda reserves was created to set aside habitat for the bear, whose populations had already contracted into the shrunken spaces allotted to them. Unfortunately, the subpopulations have been isolated from one another, separated by farms and restricted to high mountain areas.

Some corridors have been created recently that could allow for movement of bears between subpopulations, and efforts to replenish bamboo in low-lying areas of some reserves have begun. Steps such as these aim to mitigate the impact of past habitat fragmentation, but the current small groupings of bears and their relative isolation from one another remains a great challenge to the species. Not only does such fragmentation limit genetic exchange and reduce the potential for mating opportunities, but it makes the panda especially vulnerable to food shortages.

As you know, the panda subsists nearly exclusively on bamboo. Usually, this food source is an abundant, fast-growing plant that literally surrounds the bears in their habitat. However, the bamboo life cycle is such that at intervals the plant will experience a mass die-off, affecting nearly all plants of that species. When this occurs, pandas must switch to alternate bamboo species to fill their stomachs. Unfortunately, another side effect of habitat fragmentation is that switching to another species of bamboo may not be a viable option for some panda subpopulations. Chance plays a role in determining the abundance of various bamboos in a particular pocket of habitat, and if a panda was unlucky in that it lives in an area with a low diversity of bamboo species, it could be stranded without food. Without good corridors connecting pockets of habitat, the pandas within areas of mass die-off may starve.

According to the Red List, the most significant factor in conserving the panda today is habitat restoration. To this end, China has worked to increase forestation in and around reserves. Several programs banning logging and discouraging hillside farming in previously forested areas have been implemented. According to a 2006 report of the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization, these progressive policies have resulted in gains in forested area in China. Continued progress with such efforts should ultimately benefit the panda, as well as other species that share its habitat.

How can you, as a concerned global citizen, contribute to efforts to improve the outlook for this endangered bear? Since the government of China is the largest agent in promoting positive changes for the giant panda, it may seem that an ordinary person might not be able to have an impact. However, it is possible to offer support to organizations that work with the Chinese government to encourage conservation efforts for the panda. The World Wildlife Fund has a long history of such partnerships with Chinese ministries responsible for maintaining the panda population and currently has several habitat-oriented conservation efforts in place. Additionally, supporting efforts to promote panda research within China, using Chinese scientists, can increase pressure on the Chinese government from within. The San Diego Zoo collaborates with the Chinese Academy of Sciences, promoting the work of Chinese researchers who are studying the ecology of wild pandas.

The bottom line: preservation of wild populations of pandas is primarily dependent upon the restoration of panda habitat in China. The Chinese government holds the cards in this effort. As a global citizen, you can make the greatest difference by finding a way to contribute to continuing and future efforts to increase forestation, set aside more reserves, and reduce habitat fragmentation. With improved efforts in these areas, we may soon see the giant panda removed from the endangered species list.

Suzanne Hall is a senior research technician with the San Diego Zoo’s Giant Panda Unit.

Listen to an iZoofari Chat with Suzanne about panda conservation…

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However, like many endangered species, the sun bear’s habitat is subject to tremendous pressure and is disappearing at an alarming rate. This habitat destruction (a loss of thousands of square kilometers per year in Sumatra and Borneo alone) is one of the two primary conservation threats to the species.

Sun bears have historically been found throughout the Southeast Asian region, from India and China in the north down through Malaysia, Indonesia, and Borneo in the south. There are two subspecies of sun bears: the mainland variety, found in the northern, central, and Sumatran part of the range; the Bornean variety, found exclusively on the island of Borneo. Both subspecies are at risk, though the IUCN does not differentiate levels of threat at the subspecies level in the case of the sun bear.

The region of the world inhabited by the sun bear is a place of large, often fast-growing human populations. For example, the country of Indonesia, with a landmass nearly three times the size of the state of Texas, is home to about 235 million people (the population of Texas was about 23.5 million in 2006). Laos, about twice the size of Pennsylvania, has a population growing at a rate of 2.8% per annum as of 2003 (according to the U.S. Census Bureau, Pennsylvania boasted a growth rate of 1.3% in 2006).

Although the human population growth rate in the areas of sun bear habitat is high, loss of habitat results from industries supported by consumers around the world. Primary causes of habitat destruction include clear cutting to develop farming plantations, illegal lumber extraction, unsustainable logging, and forest fires. Logging of tropical hardwoods such as mahogany and ramin continues as consumers in the industrialized world demand furniture and home décor items such as picture frames, wooden blinds, and decorative moldings made of these woods.

Plantation farming in the last several years has focused on one primary product: palm oil. Consumers worldwide are enjoying supermarket fare such as chocolate, bread, cosmetics, and detergents made with unsustainably harvested palm oil. They may not be aware that their purchases are having a direct impact on the survivability of the sun bear, as well as other endearing species that share their habitat: the orangutan, Sumatran tiger, and bearded pig, to name a few.

There is another great threat to the conservation of the sun bear: commercial hunting. Throughout its home range, the bear is killed as a means of acquiring infant bears for the pet trade, or bear parts for the medicinal trade, or simply because the bears are considered a nuisance or safety hazard. Hunting of sun bears is largely an issue in countries where deforestation is relatively negligible, places where most bear habitat exists only in protected reserves or forests. However, poaching can be a devastating influence, too: Thailand’s sun bear numbers are thought to have been reduced by 50 percent in the last 20 years as a result of hunting. Bile farming with sun bears exists in countries such as Vietnam, where wild bears are often caught to supplement the stock of animals used to extract this fluid used for its purported medicinal purposes.

Smart consumer choices of savvy global citizens can go a long way toward increasing the survivorship of the sun bear. When selecting wood products for your home, choose items that are sustainably harvested, ensuring that the wood was not taken illegally or in a manner that will harm bear habitat. The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certifies products that are environmentally responsible, made from wood that does not contribute to the destruction of the world’s forests. Their logo can be found on items in places like big home supply stores to smaller home décor shops.

If you are traveling to any of the exotic locales in which sun bears may be residents, please be wary of purchasing bear products you might find in markets. In most cases, your government would not allow importation of such animal souvenirs purchased abroad, thanks to the terms of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), of which many nations are signatories. Even so, the purchase of animal products clearly has a direct link to the death of that animal, and a vulnerable species such as the sun bear should not be subject to commercial sale.

The outlook for the sun bear is rather bleak. With 30 percent of its habitat disappearing in the last 30 years, the pressure is on for the “dog-faced bear.” Fortunately, this is one species that can be impacted by the efforts of people living thousands of miles away from sun bear habitat. Smart consumers can really play a roll by voting with their dollar, purchasing sustainable products as they go about their daily activities. If enough people support environmentally friendly methods of producing goods such as those outlined above, there may yet be hope that sun bears will continue to exist in the wild for future generations to appreciate.

Suzanne Hall is a senior research technician with the San Diego Zoo’s Giant Panda Unit.

Listen to an iZoofari Chat about sun bears with Suzanne…
…and a chat with a sun bear keeper (with a sun bear chiming in!)…

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Andean bears are the only species of bear native to South America, but their extinct relatives and ancestors once lived in North America. In fact, fossils of some of their kin, the short-faced bears, have been found just up the coast from San Diego, in Los Angeles. Although Andean bears are only medium sized when compared to the other bears living today, short-faced bears were the largest carnivores ever to walk on land.

By visiting the Zoo, by watching Panda Cam, or by reading other blogs (see Bear Awareness Days blogs), you probably already know that some bears spend a lot of time up in trees. For example, young giant pandas get themselves into such situations that you just have to wonder how they’re going to get down from there! What you may not know is that Andean bears may be the most arboreal of all bears. Not only do they feed on fruits and bromeliads at least 50 feet (15 meters) up in trees, but they also make ‘nests’ out of broken limbs. Researchers aren’t sure exactly why they make these nests, but two of the main hypotheses are that they are used as platforms for feeding or for resting, as you might expect.

Andean bears are currently considered to be at “high risk of extinction in the wild in the medium-term future” by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. Because their populations are believed to be declining, South American researchers have conducted heroic research on Andean bears for years, trying to determine where they live and what habitats they use, and trying to estimate how many bears there are. However, because these bears typically live in forests, spend so much time in trees, and avoid humans, we still don’t know very much about them. In fact, until a few years ago when researchers were able to radiocollar two bears in Bolivia, we didn’t know whether they were primarily active during the day, during the night, or both. (It appears that they’re active during the day.)

Today we have many more questions about Andean bears than we have answers: Where do females give birth to their cubs? How much habitat does an Andean bear need? What kind of habitat is best for Andean bears? Is it males, or females, that move from where they’re born to settle somewhere else? All of these questions have implications for bear conservation, but right now we can only guess at the answers, based on what we know about American black bears and brown bears. To begin filling the gaps in our knowledge, researchers at the San Diego Zoo are starting a conservation and research program in southeast Perú. In this long-term program we plan to collaborate extensively with Perúvian institutions, biologists, and local communities.

Unfortunately, some of what we do know about Andean bears is not good news. The greatest threats to Andean bear conservation are habitat loss and habitat fragmentation, although poaching by humans is a problem in some areas. The bears were once found in a wide variety of South American forests but are now primarily restricted to forests at higher elevations, much as the giant panda is now restricted to higher elevation bamboo forests in China. Andean forests are being logged for timber or for conversion to agricultural fields, often by local people who see these activities as their best economic options. In addition, like American black bears, Andean bears sometimes come into conflict with farmers when they raid fields of corn and other crops. In fact, the first and only time I’ve been lucky enough to see a wild Andean bear was in a cornfield in the mountains of Ecuador. As you can tell from these threats to Andean bear conservation, their future depends not only on learning more about them, but also on ensuring that economic conditions favor bear conservation.

What can you do to make a difference? Most directly, if you travel to one of the five countries where Andean bears live (Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador, Perú, and Bolivia), do not buy any souvenirs or products made with bear parts. It is illegal for people to kill Andean bears and to sell products made with bear parts. Besides, under international treaties it would probably be illegal for you to bring these products back to your home, wherever that may be. In addition, you should not support roadside zoos in these countries, but you should support rescue and rehabilitation centers that work with governmental natural resource agencies.

Does this mean that you can’t affect Andean bear conservation if you don’t travel in South America? No. Regardless of whether or not you travel to South America, you can support Andean bear conservation through four types of action. First, you can support conservation and research efforts focused specifically on Andean bears, either directly or through organizations such as the International Bear Association. Second, because the primary threats to Andean bear conservation are based on economic issues, you can support the bears by supporting efforts to develop sustainable economies in Andean bear country. Third, reduce your use of forest products, use recycled forest products wherever possible, and use products certified by the Forest Stewardship Council. Finally, because global climate change threatens the stability of ecosystems everywhere, take steps to reduce your energy use. Each of these actions would also benefit the conservation of other bear species, and other forest-dwelling species, so your efforts on behalf of Andean bears would produce broader conservation benefits.

The next time you’re at the top of Bear Canyon, enjoy a nice long look at our Andean bears. You’re gazing at an enigmatic, elusive mystery, and you’re getting a much better view than you would in the forests of South America!

Russ Van Horn is a senior researcher in the San Diego Zoo’s Applied Animal Ecology Division.

Listen to an iZoofari Chat with Russ…
Listen to an iZoofari Chat with an Andean bear keeper…
Read other Bear Awareness Days blogs from bear keepers and researchers…
Listen to other iZoofari Chats about bears…

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Su Lin, after some necessary trimming of the elm tree there, is now in the classroom area, and this increasingly lively sub-adult bear continues to grow as she approaches her full adult size. Her third birthday is August 2. She will not mature until she’s about five years old but until then will remain energetic and engaging. In the meantime, she’s been busily checking out her space. Between the tree modifications, the fact that this was the first large outdoor space she knew, and her increased size since her last time in this area, Su Lin has a lot to process. Moving up to an old favorite napping spot, she requires a bit more maneuvering to get settled, but she seems to be doing just fine.

Last week’s snow day for Bai Yun and Zhen Zhen lasted longer than expected. That enclosure usually gets more sun and warmth, and it was so unseasonably warm I was surprised to see any snow at all by that Monday. Even more surprising was ZZ’s apparent oblivion to it on Day 2: she had so done snow the day before! Pockets of snow continued to stay up through the week, especially in the “cave,” and by the end, ZZ was grabbing these small pockets of ice, gnawing on them and tumbling down the exhibit slope. Needless to say, a good time was had by all, especially the guests and those of our Cam-watchers who had the good fortune to catch it!

Ellie Rosenbaum is a panda narrator at the San Diego Zoo.

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There is just something about polar bears that captures the imagination and attention of people of all ages.

In recent years, this fascination with polar bears has taken on a new dimension as the public has become aware of the possible fate of polar bears if global climate change continues to warm the Arctic and melt the sea ice. Can you imagine an Arctic without polar bears? I can’t! Researchers and animal care staff here at the San Diego Zoo, in collaboration with Polar Bears International, are doing everything we can to help polar bears survive in the wild through conservation-based scientific research and education.

Conservation Status of Polar Bears: How are they doing and what are the threats to their continued survival?

In the 1950s and 1960s, polar bears were reduced to as few as 5,000 individuals worldwide due to overhunting. The current total number of polar bears is estimated to be about 22,000 bears, divided amongst 19 subpopulations. The worldwide population has remained stable at this level for many years now, thanks to intensive management of hunting quotas. The rebound in the polar bear population numbers is a great reminder that humans can make a positive difference. Unfortunately, in recent years scientists are starting to see declines in population numbers in several subpopulations. These declines are undoubtedly the result of the loss of sea ice resulting from global climate change.

Through science-based management of hunting, and the fact that the Arctic has long been inhospitable to large-scale human development, polar bears are the only species of bear that still inhabits the entirety of its historic range. But that range, the Arctic sea ice, is disappearing at an alarming rate. If global climate warming continues at its current pace, the Arctic summer sea ice (that is, the ice that should be in the Arctic year-round) could be gone within 50 years. This stark statement is actually a relatively moderate prediction put forth by the ACIA (Arctic Climate Impact Assessment) working group, and is based on an average of predictions from various, reputable, climactic models. This prediction, along with others, prompted the Center for Biological Diversity to file a petition to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in January of 2007 to list the polar bear as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (1972). The decision as to whether or not the polar bear should be “listed” under the ESA is imminent, and most polar bear biologists agree that “all, or a significant proportion of the total population [of polar bears] will become endangered in the foreseeable future” if no action is taken.

What does this mean for polar bears? Action needs to be taken to slow down, and ultimately reverse, the melting of the Arctic sea ice because polar bears (and many other animals) depend on this sea ice to survive. They feed on it, they find each other and breed on it, and many females’ den and give birth to cubs on it. Although polar bears are adept swimmers and are classified as marine mammals under the Marine Mammal Protection Act (1973), they are not adapted to a fully aquatic existence in the way that seals and whales are. The marine environment in which they thrive is that frozen platform of ocean that gives them an ideal perch from which to hunt seals. The fat from these seals provides polar bears with all the calories they need to survive in the Arctic cold. In fact, polar bears typically only eat the fat from the seals, leaving the remaining carcass for Arctic foxes and other scavengers. Polar bears, like all bears, will feed opportunistically on other food items. But the nutrition gained from these other sources simply does not provide the energy that a polar bear requires to survive.

Zoo Based Research: Filling in the details

Although exhibiting happy and healthy animals is a major focus of our work here at the San Diego Zoo, another of our goals is to study the animals in our charge in a scientific and systematic way. By making this a priority, we are contributing to the body of knowledge on polar bears and other animals that allows for good management in the wild. Polar bears can be difficult to study in the wild. Their harsh Arctic habitat and vastly roaming, solitary lifestyle makes the study of certain aspects of their biology virtually impossible. An example of this would be how their sensory systems are tailored to the environment in which they live, and how sensitive are these senses to human disturbance. At the San Diego Zoo, scientists are leading research that will help clarify how polar bears perceive the world around them. Some of our projects:

Polar Bear Hearing Sensitivity: Wildlife managers are concerned about the noise emitted from human industrial activities (such as petroleum exploration and extraction). But how sensitive are polar bears to noise? Researchers from our Zoo, in collaboration with Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute, and animal care staff from both institutions, are completing research that will tell us a lot about how sensitive polar bear hearing is (see blog: Can You Hear Me Now?).

Scent Communication: As warming in the Arctic and the level of fragmentation of the polar bears’ sea ice habitat increases, how will this impact their ability to find each other over hundreds of miles during the breeding season? For that matter, how do they find each other over hundreds of miles? Again, researchers from the San Diego Zoo, with support from Polar Bears International, and participation from zoos around the country, are embarking on research that will give us insight into how important olfactory (aka scent) communication is to polar bears when they need to find each other over great distances (see blog: Is It the Perfume?).

Zoo Experience: A first-hand education in the beauty and inherent value of polar bears

San Diego is an enormously popular tourist destination, and one of the star attractions for any visitor is a trip to the San Diego Zoo or Wild Animal Park. For those of us who work here at the Zoo, we see this as a golden opportunity to not only introduce people to the beauty and wonder of polar bears and other exotic animals, but to let people know what these animals need to survive and thrive in the wild. Photographs and words can bring people closer to wildlife and enhance one’s appreciation for animals, but there is nothing like a polar bear swimming gracefully in the water a few feet away to convince people that they are majestic creatures truly deserving of our stewardship and protection. Couple this experience with some basic information regarding what polar bears need to survive in the wild, and how an average person can make a difference, and you have a life changing conservation experience.

Conservation in Action: What can you do to help the polar bear?

You’ve probably heard it before: Reduce, Re-Use, Recycle! These three words can guide each and every one of us to a lifestyle that will help the environment, reduce greenhouse gases, and help slow-down, and ultimately reverse, global climate change. Every year the average American produces about 7 tons of CO2 (the primary greenhouse gas responsible for global temperature change). Simple actions, such as driving less and in fuel-efficient vehicles, can greatly reduce this number. The take-home message is that we can all make a difference: By changing the way we live in our homes, we can help polar bears survive in their home. To learn more about what you can do to cut down on your CO2 emissions, join Polar Bears International’s “Project Polar Bear.” This innovative program is a great way for young people to make a big difference and help reduce atmospheric levels of CO2.

Megan Owen is a conservation program specialist in the San Diego Zoo’s Applied Animal Ecology Division.

View the Zoo’s polar bears daily on Polar Cam…
Listen to an iZoofari Chat about polar bears with Megan…

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More Nests…

Through the winter months searching for wild condor nest sites yielded one new nest in February, two in March, as well as a surprise nest in April. After a hectic few months Southern California now has five active condor nest sites!

Our population’s most dominant male, condor No. 107 and his mate, Ventana’s condor 161, have committed to their fourth nesting attempt. The pair successfully fledged a chick in 2004, tragically lost a chick at the nest in 2006 and in 2007 they fledged a chick that died shortly after a devastating wildfire passed through the region. We have high hopes that this pair will fledge their chick once again this season.

The first wild egg laid in March was by condor No. 289. This nest took some effort to find in the remote canyons of the Sespe Condor Sanctuary, a large tract of wilderness set aside by the U.S. Forest Service to protect condor-nesting habitat. No. 289, the youngest condor of breeding age this season, has chosen one of our populations oldest males, condor 98. She will be his fourth mate since his first nesting attempt in 2002 and we hope they will prove to be a successful pairing.

The next breeding pair of the season is a 7-year-old male, condor 237, and an 8-year-old female, No. 214. They were the foster parents of the 2006 fledgling, No. 412, the second chick to fledge from a wild nest in California. Condor 412’s success was a result of a change in nest management strategies to enhance nest success in the wild and has resulted in the development of the nest-guarding program.

The fifth nest of the season came as bit of a surprise nearly a month later. Condors 111 & 125, which successfully fledged No. 450 in 2007, were still actively caring for this young bird. Quite suddenly, they were no longer being observed with condor 450. She had only recently left her parents’ nesting territory. To our great surprise, we discovered 111 in a cavity incubating a newly laid egg. While it is uncommon for condors to nest in consecutive years it has been known to occur in the wild. We eventually located condor 450 at a supplemental feeding site 45 miles away from her natal area in Bitter Creek National Wildlife Refuge interacting with other juveniles within the population. This is a benchmark towards her independence as she will begin to fend for herself at roosting and feeding sites with the many juveniles condors that frequent this refuge.

It is a time reminiscent of the period of pre-in house managed care program, with a total of seven active nests in California. Of the seven nests sites, five are in Southern California and two are located along the central California coast.

Stay tuned for Part II when Joseph enters a nest with an egg.

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Ivan arrived at the Wild Animal Park in January 1990. It wasn’t long after his arrival that the “Ivan Stories” started to accumulate. During his years of living in the same multi-species exhibit, Ivan was always actively interacting with his neighbors. As he got acquainted with the various species nearby, he learned early on that some animals just aren’t friendly. A Hartmann’s mountain zebra bit the tip of Ivan’s tail off during his acclimation period!

As Ivan became more comfortable with his surroundings and neighbors, he would focus his attention on specific individuals. He paid plenty of attention to the female reticulated giraffes in his enclosure: Ivan sired 23 offspring during his lifetime. He also preferred to spend many hours following and bothering an adult male Cape buffalo named Bucky. Ivan and Bucky seemed to have an unwritten agreement that each would tolerate harassment from the other. On numerous occasions, Ivan could be observed placing a front hoof on the head of the buffalo!

The biggest reason Ivan was so popular was his personality. He was always curious and easy going. He enjoyed taking food from guests on the Photo Caravan Safari trucks traveling through his home.

No one who interacted with Ivan will ever forget how majestic he was and that pungent odor that alerted us to his proximity. He will be remembered fondly.

Lance Aubery is an animal care supervisor at the Wild Animal Park.

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As one of the keepers of Scout and Montana, our two grizzly bear cubs, I’m especially excited to announce that we have a beautiful set of paw prints to be auctioned off during Bear Awareness Days (the auction begins May 5 and runs through May 12 at 4 p.m. PDT). Recently, each cub has made a trip to our hospital facility for an exam. Knowing that Bear Awareness Days are fast approaching, we acted quickly: with the veterinarians’ permission and patience, we painted paws in between routine radiographs and dental cleanings and pressed them on to canvas to produce a truly unique set of prints from each cub. (Scout’s print is to the left, Montana’s print is at top.)

Another item that may be of interest to some of you is a special paw print we have from our beloved Spanky (right), which was created during one of his past routine exams. As many of you know, Spanky was our Alaskan brown bear who passed away last year at the age of 23. The grizzly cubs and Spanky’s prints, along with several other exciting bear items, will be ready for your bidding during Bear Awareness Days.

Remember to check our Web site May 8 through 11, 2008, to see our online auction items. Better yet, come on down to the Zoo and partake in the many fun activities we have planned. Hope to see you there!

Hali Anderson is a senior keeper at the San Diego Zoo.

Read Hali’s previous blog, Fish Treats for Grizzly Cubs…
Listen to an iZoofari chat with Hali about the grizzly boys…
Listen to iZoofari Chats about bears with keepers and researchers…

Help the Zoo’s bears and bear research in the wild by donating to our May 2008 Bear Wish List.

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Each year for this event, the San Diego Zoo tries to come up with fun and interesting auction items that the public can bid on. All of the money that we raise with these items goes towards supporting bear conservation. Auction items included bear paw prints and behind-the-scenes tours here at the Zoo. The auction begins on Monday, May 5.

So, have you ever wondered what goes on behind the scenes at the Giant Panda Research Station? For this year’s event, we’re auctioning off a one-of-a-kind experience: a behind-the-scenes tour of the Panda Station. If you’re the highest bidder, you’ll meet with a panda keeper and get to tour our state-of-the-art research facility. You’ll learn all about how we care for our pandas, and you might even get to have a private viewing with one of them. During the tour, you’ll learn all about our ongoing research projects and how our research efforts are helping the conservation of this highly endangered species. A behind-the-scenes tour of Polar Bear Plunge is also being offered for auction!

So please come join us here at the San Diego Zoo during our Bear Awareness Days. It’s sure to be an exciting event with lots of fun opportunities to learn about bears and ways that you can help support their conservation needs. And be sure to check out this year’s auction items. If you’re a panda fan, I’d highly recommend bidding on the behind-the-scenes tour of the Panda Research Station or Polar Bear Plunge. It’s a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity!

Pamela Crowe is a research technician for the San Diego Zoo.

Listen to iZoofari chats with our bear keepers and researchers…

Help the Zoo’s bears and bear research in the wild by donating to our May 2008 Bear Wish List.

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